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Intercropping with Pleurotus ostreatus has been demonstrated to increase the tea yield and alleviate soil acidification in tea gardens. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, high-throughput sequencing and Biolog Eco analysis were performed to identify changes in the community structure and abundance of soil microorganisms in the P. ostreatus intercropped tea garden at different seasons (April and September). The results showed that the soil microbial diversity of rhizosphere decreased in April, while rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil microbial diversity increased in September in the P. ostreatus intercropped tea garden. The diversity of tea tree root microorganisms increased in both periods. In addition, the number of fungi associated with organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling, such as Penicillium, Trichoderma, and Trechispora, was significantly higher in the intercropped group than in the control group. Intercropping with P. ostreatus increased the levels of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and available phosphorus (AP) in the soil. It also improved the content of secondary metabolites, such as tea catechins, and polysaccharides in tea buds. Microbial network analysis showed that Unclassified_o__Helotiales, and Devosia were positively correlated with soil TN and pH, while Lactobacillus, Acidothermus, and Monascus were positively correlated with flavone, AE, and catechins in tea trees. In conclusion, intercropping with P. ostreatus can improve the physical and chemical properties of soil and the composition and structure of microbial communities in tea gardens, which has significant potential for application in monoculture tea gardens with acidic soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gossypol is a terpene-polyphenolic compound specific to cotton plants. Considered as an anti-nutritional factor, monogastric livestock show greater sensitivity to this metabolite than ruminants. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the toxicological effects of gossypol-containing and biodetoxified cottonseed-cake on hepatic function in rats. Biodetoxification of cottonseed cake was performed by the macrofungi Fistulina hepatica BRM 047114 and Pleurotus ostreatus BRM 055505 in a solid-state cultivation process. A toxicological study was performed using albino Wistar rat males (Rattus norvergicus). A feed assay was conducted using the macrofungi cultivated on cottonseed cake (5%, 15%, and 25%). Animal growth, feed conversion, hemogram, serum biochemical analyses and histopathology were evaluated. For biodetoxified cottonseed cake treatments with both macrofungi, concentrations of feed up to 15% resulted in animal development similar to that of the untreated group. Histopathological analysis after feeding with biodetoxified cottonseed cake presented an unaltered cordonal arrangement. Nevertheless, the group fed with cottonseed cake biodetoxified using F. hepatica BRM 047114 showed discrete inflammatory infiltrate, vacuolization, and pyknotic nuclei in hepatocytes. P. ostreatus BRM 055505 resulted in efficient reduction in toxic effects of free gossypol, with regular animal growth, maintenance of normal liver activities, and a reduction in circulating cholesterol levels. In conclusion, P. ostreatus and F. hepatica were able to minimize the toxic effects of free gossypol in rat diets, representing an important contribution for feed-formulation development for non-ruminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to examine the role of edible mushrooms in the Brazilian diet, considering their strategic significance in meeting nutritional goals within sustainable development. Despite their potential in the nutrition of the Brazilian population, significant knowledge gaps still exist. To address this, the authors formulated this study into five main sections: the consumption of edible mushrooms in Brazil, the factors influencing the consumption, the occurrence of edible mushrooms in Brazil, the nutritional contribution of mushrooms consumed in Brazil and sustainable mushroom production in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach: The authors compiled current literature to develop this viewpoint paper using systematic review, systematic search and narrative review search methods. Findings: Mushrooms are sporadically consumed in Brazil, primarily by the urban population, with challenges in estimating the most used species. Social, economic and cultural factors, health considerations and reduced meat consumption influence mushroom consumption behavior. While Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes and Agaricus bisporus are primary species, ethnomycological studies highlight a more diverse consumption among traditional indigenous communities. Brazil hosts approximately 133 wild mushroom species safe for human consumption. Some can be sustainably cultivated using substrates derived from agricultural and urban waste, offering high-protein, high-fiber, low-fat foods with bioactive compounds holding antioxidant and prebiotic potential. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, no previous study has investigated how edible mushrooms contribute to the food and nutrition of the Brazilian population. This study emphasizes the crucial role of edible mushrooms in preserving Brazil's cultural heritage, contributing to food and nutritional security and enhancing the overall diet quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The edible fungus industry is one of the pillar industries in the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, China. The expansion of the planting scale has led to the release of various mushroom residues, such as mushroom feet, and other wastes, which are not treated adequately, resulting in environmental pollution. This study investigated the ability of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae (BSFL) to degrade mushroom waste. Moreover, this study analyzed changes in the intestinal bacterial community and gene expression of BSFL after feeding on mushroom waste. Under identical feeding conditions, the remaining amount of mushroom waste in Pleurotus ostreatus treatment group was reduced by 18.66%, whereas that in Flammulina velutipes treatment group was increased by 31.08%. Regarding gut microbial diversity, compared with wheat bran-treated control group, Dysgonomonas, Providencia, Enterococcus, Pseudochrobactrum, Actinomyces, Morganella, Ochrobactrum, Raoultella, and Ignatzschineria were the most abundant bacteria in the midgut of BSFL in F. velutipes treatment group. Furthermore, Dysgonomonas, Campylobacter, Providencia, Ignatzschineria, Actinomyces, Enterococcus, Morganella, Raoultella, and Pseudochrobactrum were the most abundant bacteria in the midgut of BSFL in P. ostreatus treatment group. Compared with wheat bran-treated control group, 501 upregulated and 285 downregulated genes were identified in F. velutipes treatment group, whereas 211 upregulated and 43 downregulated genes were identified in P. ostreatus treatment group. Using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology enrichment analyses, we identified 14 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism in F. velutipes treatment group, followed by 12 DEGs related to protein digestion and absorption. Moreover, in P. ostreatus treatment group, two DEGs were detected for fructose and mannose metabolism, and two were noted for fatty acid metabolism. These results indicate that feeding on edible mushroom waste can alter the intestinal microbial community structure of BSFL; moreover, the larval intestine can generate a corresponding feedback. These changes contribute to the degradation of edible mushroom waste by BSFL and provide a reference for treating edible mushroom waste using BSFL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change, land fragmentation, coupled with nationwide lockdown during COVID-19, had put the rural people of Bihar in financial distress without any alternative livelihood. In this context, oyster mushroom cultivation was considered to be a viable livelihood option but the existing technology produced less yield with shorter shelf life. Hence an on-farm trial (OFT) was undertook by Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Sitamarhi, Bihar to assess existing technology, refine it as needed and then strategize its out-scaling through TOWS matrix. Out of three substrates (paddy, wheat and paddy + wheat), the mushroom grown on wheat straw substrate performed best. Further, blanching (2% salt + 0.1 citric acid) increased the shelf-life of mushrooms for up to 96 h after harvest fetching highest return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The predominant use of synthetic materials, such as fiberglass and polymeric foams, for thermal and acoustic insulation in the construction sector contributes to the recalcitrant waste accumulation in the environment and is not economically sustainable in the long term. This is because they are developed with linear economy standards, they are neither reusable nor recyclable, and, at their end of lifecycle, they are not compostable, with a great amount of them finishing in landfills. This work is focused on the development of natural, self‐growing mycelium‐biocomposites as sustainable alternatives to these conventional synthetic materials. Specifically, fungal mycelium derived from the nonpathogenic fungal strain Pleurotus ostreatus is fed by coffee silverskin flakes, a lignocellulosic agrowaste from roasted coffee seeds, forming 3D biocomposites. The physicochemical properties of the obtained composite are thoroughly investigated, with a final focus on their thermal and acoustic insulation properties. As proved, the natural agrowaste‐mycelium composites possess high porosity and thus low density, good thermal properties, and satisfactory sound absorption capability. Such properties combined with the minimal energetic requirements for their growth and their fully compostable end‐of‐life nature make them valuable alternatives for thermal and acoustic insulation in building construction, among other applications, promoting environmental and economic sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oyster mushrooms can be cultivated with great spatial efficiency, on nutrient-poor plant materials, without light and under diverse climatic conditions. Their production therefore has a great potential for improving food security, especially in impoverished and overpopulated areas. However, the pasteurization or sterilization of mushroom substrates uses a lot of energy and water. This study investigates the impact of different pasteurization and sterilization techniques on the growth and yield of oyster mushrooms, and evaluates their water and energy usage. The efficacy of heat-based methods, including hot water, hot air, and pressurized steam, as well as a chemical method utilizing hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) were assessed. The results show that sterilizing mushroom substrates through autoclaving can significantly increase the dry yields, up to 50% compared to pasteurization methods. However, pasteurization methods also achieved excellent results compared to untreated substrates, with good harvests and low pest occurrence. The mushroom water content was significantly higher in pasteurization methods where the substrate is submerged in water. In terms of fresh yield, hot water pasteurization was as good as autoclaving and significantly better than the other pasteurization methods. Hot air pasteurization has, on balance, a better water and energy efficiency than autoclave sterilization (about 75 % less energy) or hot water pasteurization (about 85 % less water). When performed at an air temperature of 75° C, which was found to be sufficient for successful mushroom cultivation, as little as 1068 kJ was needed to pasteurize one kg of dry substrate (e.g. maize straw). While hydrated lime pasteurization could use as little as 270 kJ per kg of dry substrate, it is very wasteful of water, as is hot water pasteurization and could lead to nutrient leaking. The success of mushroom cultivation, especially with hot air pasteurization, could also be influenced by the duration of substrate soaking before treatment. The study provides slight evidence, although inconclusive, for a positive effect of prolonged soaking periods on yield. Lastly, the study discusses the applicability of different disinfection techniques at varying production scales and for different mushroom species, focusing on African countries, where comparably small mushroom economies are growing rapidly, but often through the use of unsustainable pasteurization technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, an enormous potential of fungal-based products with characteristics equal to, or even outperforming, classic petroleum-derived products has been acknowledged. The production of these new materials uses mycelium, a root-like structure of fungi consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. Optimizing the production of mycelium-based materials and fungal growth under technical conditions needs to be further investigated. The main objective of this study was to select fast-growing fungi and identify optimized incubation conditions to obtain a dense mycelium mat in a short time. Further, the influence of the initial substrate characteristics on hyphae expansion was determined. Fungal isolates of Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Trametes versicolor were cultivated for seven days on substrate mixtures consisting of various proportions of pine bark and cotton fibers. Furthermore, the substrates were mixed with 0, 2, and 5 wt.% calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and the incubator was flushed with 0, 5, and 10 vol.% carbon dioxide (CO2). All samples grew in the dark at 26 °C and a relative humidity of 80%. Evaluation of growth rate shows that cotton fiber-rich substrates performed best for all investigated fungi. Although Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor showed comparatively high growth rates of up to 5.4 and 5.3 mm d−1, respectively, mycelium density was thin and transparent. Ganoderma lucidum showed a significantly denser mycelium at a maximum growth rate of 3.3 mm d−1 on a cotton fiber-rich substrate (75 wt.%) without CaCO3 but flushed with 5 vol.% CO2 during incubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms are a source of primary and secondary metabolites. Little is known about the most suitable conditions for production of mushrooms by submerged fermentation. This article reports antioxidant and cytotoxic assays, in addition to quantitatively evaluating the content of proteases with fibrinolytic action in the crude extracts of two species of edible mushrooms produced in different formulations, as well as evaluating the recovery of these enzymes by aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS). The mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii, at concentration of 100 µg/mL, displayed inhibition of DPPH and ABTS radicals below 50%. In the cytotoxicity test, the cells human fibroblast cell lines (MRC-5) showed cell viability greater than 80%. Concerning fibrinolytic activity, P. eryngii presented 226.47 ± 7.26 U/mL, therefore being more efficient than P. ostreatus (71.5 ± 0.56 U/mL). In the recovery of the P. eryngii extract by ATPS, the fibrinolytic protease was partitioned in the salt phase (30.25 U/mL). The molecular mass of the proteases was between 75 and 100 kDa. These results prove the low cytotoxicity of the extracts produced and that fermentation in supplemented malt broth favored the excretion of fibrinolytic proteases compared to the other evaluated media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of Pleurotus ostreatus to reduce calories and increase bioactivity in processed meat products is an increasingly common practice. In this study, a novel sausage containing P. ostreatus was developed based parameters like protein, antioxidants, total phenolic content, cohesiveness, energy, fat, ΔE, hardness, and gumminess values using a D-optimal mixture design. The results showed that over 20% of P. ostreatus could be used in sausage production. Moreover, it was concluded that the optimized sausages contain less fat (33.05%) and meat (18.6%) and therefore have a lower calorie value (19.03%). In addition, P. ostreatus added to the sausage formulation decreased the use of animal raw materials, increased the bioactive properties of the sausages, and did not cause a significant change in the amino acid profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of white-rot fungi for enzyme-based bioremediation of wastewater is of high interest. These fungi produce considerable amounts of extracellular ligninolytic enzymes during solid-state fermentation on lignocellulosic materials such as straw and sawdust. We used pure sawdust colonized by Pleurotus ostreatus, Trametes versicolor, and Ganoderma lucidum for extraction of ligninolytic enzymes in aqueous suspension. Crude enzyme suspensions of the three fungi, with laccase activity range 12–43 U/L and manganese peroxidase activity range 5–55 U/L, were evaluated for degradation of 11 selected pharmaceuticals spiked at environmentally relevant concentrations. Sulfamethoxazole was removed significantly in all treatments. The crude enzyme suspension from P. ostreatus achieved degradation of wider range of pharmaceuticals when the enzyme activity was increased. Brief homogenization of the colonized sawdust was also observed to be favorable, resulting in significant reductions after a short exposure of 5 min. The highest reduction was observed for sulfamethoxazole which was reduced by 84% compared to an autoclaved control without enzyme activity and for trimethoprim which was reduced by 60%. The compounds metoprolol, lidocaine, and venlafaxine were reduced by approximately 30% compared to the control. Overall, this study confirmed the potential of low-cost lignocellulosic material as a substrate for production of enzymes from white-rot fungi. However, monitoring over time in bioreactors revealed a rapid decrease in enzymatic ligninolytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Artificial lighting, primarily employed in crop production, can also be applied to the cultivation of edible mushrooms to enhance productivity and quality. While UV radiation has predominantly been investigated in post-harvest treatments for edible mushrooms, the utilization of different light wavelengths during the cultivation phase remains largely unexplored for many mushroom species. This study aimed to assess the impact of three different light wavelengths 450 nm (B), 610 nm (R), and a combination of these two wavelengths (R + B) on the productive characteristics and quality of Pleurotus ostreatus, cultivated using three straw-based commercial substrates. It was observed that, except for yield, artificial light influenced mushroom growth. Specifically, the application of R light appeared to promote mycelium growth, whereas B light contributed to increase the diameter of fruiting bodies. Additionally, the concentration of vitamin D2 was higher under both B and R+B light treatments. Interestingly, the light treatments did not affect yield but impacted diameter and various chemical attributes such as EC, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity. In conclusion, exposure to different lighting affected Pleurotus ostreatus physiology and nutritional content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal polysaccharides have attracted wide attention because of their medical pharmaceutical and health care value. So far, many efforts have been made in strain improvement to produce polysaccharides on a large scale at low cost. Here, a novel cold plasma-induced strain improvement technology was employed to pretreat Pleurotus ostreatus CGMCC 5.374 by radio-frequency (RF) low-vacuum cold plasma (LVCP) for the purpose of obtaining a high-yield polysaccharide strain. The optimum pretreatment conditions including discharge power, treatment time, and working pressure were determined by single factor and orthogonal experiment in succession. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis was conducted to study the effects of RF-LVCP on cell metabolism and proliferation. Results showed that under the optimal condition of discharge power of 130 W, treatment time of 25 s and working pressure of 140 Pa, polysaccharide content in mycelium was increased by 3.16% after 6 days in comparison to the original strain. Transcriptome analysis showed that RF-LVCP is helpful for specific gene transcription profiles, Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathways, of which the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly involve with the up-regulation of polysaccharide transport, physiology, synthesis and metabolism, as well as the down-regulation of polysaccharide hydrolysis and macromolecular degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ROSELLE cultivation in sandy soils faces major challenges like poor water and nutrient retention, negatively impacting plant growth and yield. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of microbial inoculants to improve roselle productivity in nutrient-deficient sandy soils. A field experiment was conducted in Egypt over two seasons using eight microbial treatments: Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pleurotus ostreatus, Mycorrhizeen (mycorrhizal) fungi, and combinations thereof, along with a non-inoculated control. Microbial inoculants were applied as seed treatment and soil drench to improve sandy soil fertility. All microbial inoculants significantly increased fresh and dry calyx yield, shoot growth, seed yield, and overall biomass versus the control. Bacillus subtilis gave the greatest enhancement in yield parameters. Combining Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Pleurotus and mycorrhizae led to further synergistic yield improvements up to 332% over control. Microbial inoculation also dramatically increased nitrogen and potassium uptake by up to 724% and utilization efficiency compared to control plants. Results demonstrate the excellent potential of microbial inoculants to significantly improve roselle productivity and nutrition in nutrientdeficient sandy soils through synergistic promotion of soil fertility and plant growth. Microbial inoculation could provide a sustainable solution to challenges of roselle cultivation in poor sandy soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the integrated different interdisciplinary studies derived the environmental solutions of the climate change impacts (e.g., cultivation, wastewater treatment, and managing groundwater resources) (Mesalhy et al. 2020, and Gobashy et al. 2021). Thus, this paper focused on the application of bioremediation to maximize the use of wastewater for new reclamation areas in the Northwest Egyptian desert (New Egyptian Delta (NED). In the NED project, the drainage water samples collected from Nile Delta drains will provide the main unconventional water resources for irrigation through the new Hammam canal. Therefore, three Pleurotus strains were grown moderately on two natural media, the first containing Salvia L. (sage) extract (MDA) and the second containing Thymus vulgaris L. (origanum thymus Kuntze, Thymus collinus Salisb) (TDA) extract replacing potato infusions in standard PDA. Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacquin; Kummer) strain records the highest growth among the three tested fungi on modified media. PO records 4.49 and 4.41 cm on (MDA) and (TDA), respectively. There is a marked decrease in the majority of heavy metal concentrations on sterile drainage water amended with PD broth and inoculated with three tested Pleurotus strains individually. At the end of the incubation period, Pleurotus ostereatus which expressed in abbreviation (PO) are more efficient in the removal of Al, Co, Cr, and Ni by 53.15, 95.87, 58.47, and 85.07%; respectively. Pleurorotus pulmonarius (Fr.) which symbolized (PP) is more potent in the removal of Cd, Si, Sn, Sr, and V by 70.37, 56.59, 41.19, 52.78, and 96.24%; respectively. Pleurotus floridanus (NZOR) which indicated as (PF) is actively over the former species in the removal of Ba, Fe, and Mo by 87.84, 46.67, and 97.34%; respectively. Cu, Mn, Pb, As, and Se could not be detected as the control sample recorded measurements below 0.009 mg L−1. An unexpected increase in Zn among the different treatments was detected from 05.04 to 07.01%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorptive, catalytic, and antibacterial properties of clinoptilolite-rich tuffs (ZT) are presented here. ZT transformed into Fe-containing ZT (Fe-ZT) removes various organic and inorganic anions from water. Fe-ZT, which contains selenium, is beneficial for growing Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms. The fungi convert inorganic Se from Fe-ZT into a more useful organically bonded form. ZT and Fe-ZT as supplements retain nitrogen and potassium in sandy, silty loam and silty clay soils. ZT shows an affinity toward toxic metal cations, which are essential for cleaning contaminated water. The adsorption of atenolol, acetylsalicylic, and salicylic acid onto M-ZT (M–Cu2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, or Zn2+) from water solutions suggests that both the natures of M and pharmaceuticals have a significant impact on the adsorption mechanism and determine the adsorption capability of the ZT. ZT is an excellent carrier for ultrafine (2–5 nm) nano oxide particles, which have been shown to have catalytic activity in different chemical processes and photodegradation reactions of organic pollutants. ZT can also be transformed into SO4-SnO2-ZT, which is catalytically active as a solid acid. M-ZT is an effective carrier of valuable bacteria. Ag-ZT possesses beneficial bactericidal activity in disinfecting water and soil remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capability of any food to alter net endogenous acid or base production can be estimated using the potential renal acid load (PRAL) estimation method. The PRAL of edible mushrooms has been rarely examined; thus a quantification study of n = 37 edible mushroom species was performed. Results revealed a heterogeneous picture: although the most commonly consumed mushrooms (e.g., Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus (white)) have alkalizing properties, several acidifying species (Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus flabellatus) were identified, which may be attributable to their high phosphorus content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing spawn quality is crucial for successful mushroom cultivation, and it relies on grain formation. This study was carried out at Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt during the consecutive seasons of 2021-2022. In this study, a hatchery was developed using various grains. The grain substrates, including maize, sorghum, wheat, and a mixture of maize: sorghum: wheat spawn (1:1:1), were inoculated with Pleurotus florida parent eggs. After incubation, the eggs were grown in rice straw substrate, exhibiting variable effects on the days from sowing to the first flushing (15-33 days). Notably, sorghum grain substrate demonstrated the highest productivity in yield quantity and fruit size, followed by the wheat-sorghum mixture in both seasons. The nutritional richness of sorghum and the 1:1:1 mixture played a pivotal role in stimulating robust fungal growth, influencing both yield quantity and morphological characteristics of the fruits. Considering these results and previous studies, the utilization of sorghum grain substrate is strongly recommended. Moreover, introducing Slim as a hatchery carrier can enhance hatching quality, fostering faster and healthier growth. This approach aims to maximize returns, ultimately leading to increased profits in mushroom cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted around Lake Poso, which is home to several indigenous communities with unique local knowledge about nature. This region encompasses several conservation areas, including Bancea Nature Park, Pamona Nature Reserve, and Wera Nature Park. The community residing in this region include the traditional Pamona community, who are one of the ethnic groups in Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the ethnomycology and local knowledge of Pamona indigenous people in relation to utilization of wild macrofungi species for food and medicine around Lake Poso, Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The results showed that 21 species of macrofungi were used by the indigenous Pamona community, which served various purposes such as a source of food, medicine, hair growth agent, animal feed mixture, and a lighting tool at night. These species include Schizophyllum commune, Auricularia auricula-judae, Auricularia nigricans, Volvariella volvaceae, Trichaleurina javanica, Termitomyces spp, Tremella sp, Physarum polycephalum, Mycena sp., Pycnoporus sanguineus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Dictyophora indusiata, and Russula sp. Macrofungi species with the highest Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) value were Schizophyllum commune, Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) Quel, Termitomyces eurrhizus (Berk.) Pegler, and Trichaleurina javanica, all of which had a value of 1. Meanwhile, Tremella sp. had the lowest RFC with a value of 0.14. The highest Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) value of 0.97 was found in the use of macrofungi as food. These results confirm the wealth of knowledge and practices within the Pamona comunnity, enabling them to effectively utilize macrofungi species for both food and medicine. These practices help to combat malnutrition and prevent and treat certain diseases in Pamona comunnity around Lake Poso, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the idea of a circular bioeconomy, the use of side streams as substitutes for cultivation media (components) in bioprocesses would mean an enormous economic and ecological advantage. Costly compounds in conventional media for the production of the triterpene squalene in thraustochytrids are the main carbon source and complex nitrogen sources. Among other side streams examined, extracts from the spent mycelium of the basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus were best-suited to acting as alternative nitrogen sources in cultivation media for thraustochytrids. The total nitrogen (3.76 ± 0.01 and 4.24 ± 0.04%, respectively) and protein (16.47 ± 0.06 and 18.57 ± 0.18%, respectively) contents of the fruiting body and mycelium were determined. The fungal cells were hydrolyzed and extracted to generate accessible nitrogen sources. Under preferred conditions, the extracts from the fruiting body and mycelium contained 73.63 ± 1.19 and 89.93 ± 7.54 mM of free amino groups, respectively. Cultivations of Schizochytrium sp. S31 on a medium using a mycelium extract as a complex nitrogen source showed decelerated growth but a similar squalene yield (123.79 ± 14.11 mg/L after 216 h) compared to a conventional medium (111.29 ± 19.96 mg/L, although improvable by additional complex nitrogen source). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large quantities of wine lees are produced annually by the wine industry. The high phenolic content makes them unsuitable for disposal in the environment or animal feed without a suitable treatment. In this study, wine lees were treated by Pleurotus ostreatus in submerged cultivation, producing a high-value biomass and elevated levels of laccase, an important industrial enzyme. Biomass and laccase production reached 21 g/L and 74,000 Units/L, respectively, at the optimal conditions of initial pH 6.0, 20% v/v wine lees, 30 g/L glucose, and 20 g/L yeast extract, while decolorization and dephenolization rates of the waste were over 90%. The mycelial biomass was rich in proteins and essential amino acids reaching up to 43% and 16% per dry weight, respectively. Carbohydrates and lipids were the second richest bioactive compound in biomass, with values of 29.4 ± 2.7% and 29.5 ± 2.7%, respectively. The crude laccase in the culture supernatant was purified via a simple two-step purification procedure by 4.4-fold with a recovery of 44%. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined to be 62 kDa via SDS electrophoresis. Enzyme activity was optimal at pH 5.0 and 70 °C. The activation energy of the enzyme was calculated at a value of 20.0 ± 0.2 kJ/mol. The pH stability and thermostability of the purified laccase were studied. The enzyme was remarkably stable at pH 8.0 and at temperatures up to 40 °C. The thermal inactivation energy of the enzyme was determined to be 76.0 ± 1.2 kJ/mol. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH*, ΔG*, and ΔS*) for the thermal deactivation of the purified laccase at a temperature range of 20–60 °C were: 73.8 ≤ ΔH* ≤ 74.3 kJ·mol−1, 98.7 ≤ ΔG* ≤ 101.9 kJ·mol−1, and −90.5 ≤ ΔS* ≤ −84.3 J·mol−1·K−1. Wine lees could be ideal substrates of fungal cultivation for laccase production and biomass with a high protein content in an eco-friendlier way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laccase from Trametes versicolor was applied to produce phenolic polymeric compounds with enhanced properties, using a wine lees extract as the phenolic source. The influence of the incubation time on the progress of the enzymatic oxidation and the yield of the formed polymers was examined. The polymerization process and the properties of the polymeric products were evaluated with a variety of techniques, such as high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The enzymatic polymerization reaction resulted in an 82% reduction in the free phenolic compounds of the extract. The polymeric product recovery (up to 25.7%) and the molecular weight of the polymer depended on the incubation time of the reaction. The produced phenolic polymers exhibited high antioxidant activity, depending on the enzymatic oxidation reaction time, with the phenolic polymer formed after one hour of enzymatic reaction exhibiting the highest antioxidant activity (133.75 and 164.77 μg TE mg−1 polymer) towards the ABTS and DPPH free radicals, respectively. The higher thermal stability of the polymeric products compared to the wine lees phenolic extract was confirmed with TGA and DSC analyses. Finally, the formed phenolic polymeric products were incorporated into chitosan films, providing them with increased antioxidant activity without affecting the films' cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study analyses the impact of biological pretreatment of rice straw on the degradation of recalcitrant lignin vis-à-vis chemical pretreatment. A fungal consortium was set up with Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Pleurotus ostreatus and the ligninolytic enzyme produced by it was used for biological pretreatment. The chemical pretreatment was achieved using a sequential treatment with H2SO4 followed by NaOH. The biological pretreatment showed promising results on par with the robust chemical pretreatment method. The biological and chemical pretreatment of rice straw resulted in 80.9% and 82.6% delignification, respectively. The saccharification of pretreated straw with 30 FPU/g of commercial cellulase yielded 49.2 g/100 g dry substrate and 56.6 g/100 g dry substrate reducing sugars from biological and chemical pretreated rice straw, respectively. The sequential fermentation under separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) conditions with 10% (v/v) Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pachysolen tannophilus achieved a maximum ethanol concentration of 9.25 g/L (fermentation efficiency; 73.8%) and 12.0 g/L (fermentation efficiency; 74.2%) from biological and chemical pretreated straw, respectively. The cost for the bioethanol production from 1.0 kg rice straw was calculated to be 31.92 Rs while it is 36.45 Rs for chemical pretreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mushroom industry generates large amounts of stem co-product. This is generated after mushroom harvest; stems are attached to the growth substratum, and their only use has traditionally been as compost. In this study, we investigated extensively for the first time this co-product and the influence of sample size (L—>0.510 mm; LI—0.510–0.315 mm; SI—0.315–0.180 mm; S—<0.180 mm) on the characterization and antioxidant activity of flours obtained from stem co-products of Agaricus bisporus (ABSF) and Pleurotus ostreatus (POSF). ABSF was rich in protein (14 g/100 g), calcium (428.23–700.77 mg/100 g), and sorbitol (22.57–26.60 g/100 g), while POSF was rich in β-glucans (36.62–40.34 g/100 g) and linoleic acid (20.57–39.86 g/100 g of lipid). Both species were flush in amino acids and had an umami flavour. ABSF showed more elevated values for emulsifying activity than POSF. The S sizes were highlighted for their yield, hydration properties, and oil holding capacity. Furthermore, ABSF-S exhibited heightened antioxidant capacity in vitro, in consonance with the total phenolic compounds observed (0.91 mg/g). However, the antioxidant assays in POSF presented a positive correlation with β-glucan content. Our study suggests that these co-products could have several food-related applications, such as potential for use as an emulsifier, sweetener, or fortifier in the development of functional food, owing to their rich concentrations of fibre, protein, sorbitol, and β-glucans. Nevertheless, it is necessary to understand the interactions of the flours with the potential food matrix prior to proceeding further with food-related applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms, due to their basic composition and the presence of numerous mycochemicals, can be used to improve various food matrices. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of replacing wheat flour (2%, 4%, 6% w/w) with mushroom lyophilisates from cultivated mushrooms—A. bisporus and P. ostreatus—on the technological quality, basic nutritional and elemental composition, antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP), total polyphenol content (TPC), and sensory evaluation of shortbread cookies. The functional properties of blended flours were also determined, such as bulk density (BD), water- and oil-holding capacity (WHC, OHC), swelling capacity (SW), and water solubility index (WSI). The results show that the amounts of protein, fiber, and ash were higher in cookies enriched with mushrooms than in control cookies. The enriched products, depending on the amount of mushroom powder used and the mushroom species, had a higher content of zinc, iron, magnesium, potassium, and copper. The increase in the addition of mushroom powder resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the TPC content and antioxidant properties. The use of composite flours contributed to a significant increase in hardness (at 6% mushroom powder) and a change in color parameters, with lower whiteness and a greater ΔE recorded for cookies with A. bisporus lyophilisate. In the sensory evaluation, the samples enriched with P. ostreatus powder received higher scores compared with control samples, while the cookies with A. bisporus flour were evaluated lower than the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mushrooms oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) and white button (Agaricus bisporus) contain bioactive compounds that have potential beneficial effects on hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, hypolipidemic and antioxidative potential of these mushrooms' extract were explored using hypercholesterolemic (HC) rats as animal model. For the study, 56 adult rats were divided into seven groups, i.e., G1 (negative control), G2 (positive control group), G3 (HC rats with statin drug orally), G4 and G5 (HC rats @ 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) dose of oyster mushroom extracts), and G6 and G7 (HC rats @ 100 and 200 mg/kg BW dose of white button mushroom extracts). The hypercholesterolemia was induced experimentally in fasted rats through a high-fat diet along with injection of triton WR-1339. After 48 h, the treatment groups were given extract for 28 days along with standard diet. At the trial termination, we analyzed the blood sugar levels, antioxidant parameters, lipid profile, and renal function, as well as conducting liver function tests of the rats. The results indicated that positive control group rats exhibited increased levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density level (LDL), and very-low-density level (vLDL) by 19%, 37%, 52%, and 32%, respectively, and 53% decrease in HDL, whereas treatment groups that received 200 mg oyster and white button mushroom extracts reported 15%, 34%, 22% reduction in TC, TG, vLDL, respectively, and 22% improvement in HDL level. The enzyme profiles of different groups showed non-significant differences, although both mushroom extracts provision reduced glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels. Overall, the results indicated that mushroom extracts were helpful in maintaining oxidative stress and have the potential to improve dyslipidemia in the tested rat animal model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Intercropping with Pleurotus ostreatus has been demonstrated to increase the tea yield and alleviate soil acidification in tea gardens. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, high-throughput sequencing and Biolog Eco analysis were performed to identify changes in the community structure and abundance of soil microorganisms in the P. ostreatus intercropped tea garden at different seasons (April and September). The results showed that the soil microbial diversity of rhizosphere decreased in April, while rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil microbial diversity increased in September in the P. ostreatus intercropped tea garden. The diversity of tea tree root microorganisms increased in both periods. In addition, the number of fungi associated with organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling, such as Penicillium, Trichoderma, and Trechispora, was significantly higher in the intercropped group than in the control group. Intercropping with P. ostreatus increased the levels of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and available phosphorus (AP) in the soil. It also improved the content of secondary metabolites, such as tea catechins, and polysaccharides in tea buds. Microbial network analysis showed that Unclassified_o__Helotiales, and Devosia were positively correlated with soil TN and pH, while Lactobacillus, Acidothermus, and Monascus were positively correlated with flavone, AE, and catechins in tea trees. In conclusion, intercropping with P. ostreatus can improve the physical and chemical properties of soil and the composition and structure of microbial communities in tea gardens, which has significant potential for application in monoculture tea gardens with acidic soils.

AbstractIn recent decades, an enormous potential of fungal-based products with characteristics equal to, or even outperforming, classic petroleum-derived products has been acknowledged. The production of these new materials uses mycelium, a root-like structure of fungi consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. Optimizing the production of mycelium-based materials and fungal growth under technical conditions needs to be further investigated. The main objective of this study was to select fast-growing fungi and identify optimized incubation conditions to obtain a dense mycelium mat in a short time. Further, the influence of the initial substrate characteristics on hyphae expansion was determined. Fungal isolates of Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Trametes versicolor were cultivated for seven days on substrate mixtures consisting of various proportions of pine bark and cotton fibers. Furthermore, the substrates were mixed with 0, 2, and 5 wt.% calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and the incubator was flushed with 0, 5, and 10 vol.% carbon dioxide (CO2). All samples grew in the dark at 26 °C and a relative humidity of 80%. Evaluation of growth rate shows that cotton fiber-rich substrates performed best for all investigated fungi. Although Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor showed comparatively high growth rates of up to 5.4 and 5.3 mm d−1, respectively, mycelium density was thin and transparent. Ganoderma lucidum showed a significantly denser mycelium at a maximum growth rate of 3.3 mm d−1 on a cotton fiber-rich substrate (75 wt.%) without CaCO3 but flushed with 5 vol.% CO2 during incubation.

ABSTRACT: Pleurotus ostreatus as an edible mushroom with pharmacological potential, belonging to class basidiomycetes of kingdom Mycota is known to have immense therapeutic properties. P. ostreatus contains polysaccharides, proteins, sterols, volatile oils and polyphenols. P. ostreatus has a variety of biological activities, including anti-oxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-tumor, immunoregulatory and bacteriostatic. This paper summarizes the extraction methods, chemical components and biological activities of P. ostreatus, and find it is good resources to develop medicine and health food.

Summary: The preservation of King oyster mushrooms (KOMs) during storage remains a significant challenge due to their susceptibility to microbial spoilage, browning and quality degradation. This study explores the efficacy of electron beam irradiation (EBI) as a novel preservation technique for KOMs, targeting these specific storage issues. Employing a range of detection techniques, we evaluated the impact of EBI on microbial contamination, essential qualities and the browning of KOMs. Our findings reveal that EBI significantly reduces microbial contamination, including total aerobic bacteria and Pseudomonas spp., effectively inhibiting pathogenic spoilage and the formation of browning lesions. The treatment successfully preserved the moisture content, water activity and minimised weight loss, thus maintaining the mushrooms' textural and visual quality. Notably, doses of EBI up to 2 kGy did not adversely affect the firmness of KOMs. Additionally, we determined that photostimulated luminescence and thermoluminescence are effective methods for detecting EBI treatment in KOMs, whereas electron spin resonance proved unsuitable due to the lack of a distinctive irradiation signal in high‐moisture content foods. These findings contribute to the development of an efficient preservation technique for perishable KOMs, offering potential applicability in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Reactive oxygen species reacts with numerous molecules in the body system causing oxidative damage, which requires antioxidants to ameliorate. Pleurotus ostreatus, a highly nutritious edible mushroom, has been reported to be rich in bioactive compounds. This study evaluated the comparative antioxidant activity and phytochemical contents of five extracts of P. ostreatus: aqueous (AE), chloroform (CE), ethanol (EE), methanol (ME) and n-hexane (HE). The phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of the extracts were determined using standard in-vitro antioxidant assay methods. Results showed that the extracts contained alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates, anthrocyanins, and betacyanins in varied amounts. CE had the highest flavonoid content (104.83 ± 29.46 mg/100 g); AE gave the highest phenol content of 24.14 ± 0.02 mg/100 g; tannin was highest in EE (25.12 ± 0.06 mg/100 g); HE had highest amounts of alkaloids (187.60 ± 0.28 mg/100 g) and saponins (0.16 ± 0.00 mg/100 g). Antioxidant analyses revealed that CE had the best hydroxyl radical activity of 250% at 100 µg/ml and ferric cyanide reducing power of 8495 µg/ml; ME gave the maximum DPPH activity (87.67%) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (65.58%) at 500 µg/ml; EE had the highest nitric oxide radical inhibition of 65.81% at 500 µg/ml and ascorbate peroxidase activity of 1.60 (iU/l). AE had the best total antioxidant capacity (5.27 µg/ml GAE at 500 µg/ml) and ferrous iron chelating activity (99.23% at 100 µg/ml) while HE gave the highest guaiacol peroxidase activity of 0.20(iU/l). The comparative phytochemical and antioxidant characteristics (IC50) of the extracts followed the order: CE > AE > EE > ME > HE. Overall, chloroform was the best extraction solvent for P. ostreatus. The high content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and alkaloids in P. ostreatus makes it a rich source of antioxidants and potential candidate for the development of new therapies for a variety of oxidative stress-related disorders.

Large quantities of wine lees are produced annually by the wine industry. The high phenolic content makes them unsuitable for disposal in the environment or animal feed without a suitable treatment. In this study, wine lees were treated by Pleurotus ostreatus in submerged cultivation, producing a high-value biomass and elevated levels of laccase, an important industrial enzyme. Biomass and laccase production reached 21 g/L and 74,000 Units/L, respectively, at the optimal conditions of initial pH 6.0, 20% v/v wine lees, 30 g/L glucose, and 20 g/L yeast extract, while decolorization and dephenolization rates of the waste were over 90%. The mycelial biomass was rich in proteins and essential amino acids reaching up to 43% and 16% per dry weight, respectively. Carbohydrates and lipids were the second richest bioactive compound in biomass, with values of 29.4 ± 2.7% and 29.5 ± 2.7%, respectively. The crude laccase in the culture supernatant was purified via a simple two-step purification procedure by 4.4-fold with a recovery of 44%. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined to be 62 kDa via SDS electrophoresis. Enzyme activity was optimal at pH 5.0 and 70 °C. The activation energy of the enzyme was calculated at a value of 20.0 ± 0.2 kJ/mol. The pH stability and thermostability of the purified laccase were studied. The enzyme was remarkably stable at pH 8.0 and at temperatures up to 40 °C. The thermal inactivation energy of the enzyme was determined to be 76.0 ± 1.2 kJ/mol. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH*, ΔG*, and ΔS*) for the thermal deactivation of the purified laccase at a temperature range of 20–60 °C were: 73.8 ≤ ΔH* ≤ 74.3 kJ·mol−1, 98.7 ≤ ΔG* ≤ 101.9 kJ·mol−1, and −90.5 ≤ ΔS* ≤ −84.3 J·mol−1·K−1. Wine lees could be ideal substrates of fungal cultivation for laccase production and biomass with a high protein content in an eco-friendlier way.

This study focused on the isolation of laccase enzyme from the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus and its application in the biodegradation of various pollutants present in textile industrial effluent, including chemicals, ions, salts, heavy metals, brittle metals, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, minerals, total hardness, total alkalinity, turbidity, electrical conductivity, and dyes. Textile industrial effluent poses a significant threat to the environment, contaminating water bodies and posing risks to human, animal, and plant life. This study employed an economical and ecofriendly biological approach for wastewater treatment, distinguishing it from traditional physical and chemical methods. The optimum temperature of laccase is found to be 30 degree Celsius and pH is 3. Enzyme activity of laccase is 7.25 U/ml. This fugal laccase decolorizes textile Industrial dye effluent containing various dyes, such as Turquoise VG, Black B, Yellow R, Methyl red, Trypan blue, and Acid Orange 7. Laccase depicts maximum decolorization efficacy on Black B dye. Similarly, Laccase from P.ostreatus shows higher decolorization efficacy when compared to other fungal laccase. Additionally, the study assessed the biodegradation of various wastewater quality parameters, including physical and chemical parameters like toxic heavy metals and ions. This research of isolation, characterization, and utilizing laccase from P. ostreatus for the bioremediation of textile industrial effluent wastewater containing dyes, toxic chemicals, ions and metals is effective, economical and ecofriendly.

ABSTRACTPleurotus ostreatus is an edible fungus with several functional compounds. Previous studies have shown that solid-state fermentation of Phaseolus vulgaris and Avena sativa with P. ostreatus improves their functional properties. Since bread is a highly consumed foodstuff, the objective of this work was to improve its nutritional and functional properties based on P. vulgaris and A. sativa grains biotransformed by P. ostreatus. Results showed that bread made with flour of solid-state fermented grains, provided a higher antioxidant capacity compared to bread made without fermented grains flour. The antioxidant capacity was maintained even after in vitro simulated digestion assays. Bioaccessible protein and fiber content results showed an increase compared to commercial breads. Fermented-flour bread showed lower hardness in its crumb, changed color, and had a good sensory acceptability. This makes these flours potential ingredients in the development of baking goods, making the bread a vehicle for nutrient delivery.

Reactive oxygen species reacts with numerous molecules in the body system causing oxidative damage, which requires antioxidants to ameliorate. Pleurotus ostreatus, a highly nutritious edible mushroom, has been reported to be rich in bioactive compounds. This study evaluated the comparative antioxidant activity and phytochemical contents of five extracts of P. ostreatus: aqueous (AE), chloroform (CE), ethanol (EE), methanol (ME) and n-hexane (HE). The phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of the extracts were determined using standard in-vitro antioxidant assay methods. Results showed that the extracts contained alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates, anthrocyanins, and betacyanins in varied amounts. CE had the highest flavonoid content (104.83 ± 29.46 mg/100 g); AE gave the highest phenol content of 24.14 ± 0.02 mg/100 g; tannin was highest in EE (25.12 ± 0.06 mg/100 g); HE had highest amounts of alkaloids (187.60 ± 0.28 mg/100 g) and saponins (0.16 ± 0.00 mg/100 g). Antioxidant analyses revealed that CE had the best hydroxyl radical activity of 250% at 100 µg/ml and ferric cyanide reducing power of 8495 µg/ml; ME gave the maximum DPPH activity (87.67%) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (65.58%) at 500 µg/ml; EE had the highest nitric oxide radical inhibition of 65.81% at 500 µg/ml and ascorbate peroxidase activity of 1.60 (iU/l). AE had the best total antioxidant capacity (5.27 µg/ml GAE at 500 µg/ml) and ferrous iron chelating activity (99.23% at 100 µg/ml) while HE gave the highest guaiacol peroxidase activity of 0.20(iU/l). The comparative phytochemical and antioxidant characteristics (IC50) of the extracts followed the order: CE > AE > EE > ME > HE. Overall, chloroform was the best extraction solvent for P. ostreatus. The high content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and alkaloids in P. ostreatus makes it a rich source of antioxidants and potential candidate for the development of new therapies for a variety of oxidative stress-related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is the first report on purification, characterization, and application of laccase derived from the white-rot fungus, Pleurotus ostreatus HK35 (Hungary strain), in Congo Red decolorization. The purification process involved ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, anion exchange chromatography, and ultrafiltration, yielding a specific laccase activity of 15.26 U/mg and a 30.21% recovery rate. The purified enzyme, with a molecular weight of approximately 34 kilodaltons, displayed optimal activity at a temperature of 60 °C and pH 4.0 when using 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) as a substrate. The enzyme maintained over 82.02 ± 1.01% of its activity at temperatures up to 50 °C after 180 min but displayed less than 5% of its activity at 60 and 70 °C. Notably, the enzyme's activity was significantly enhanced by Pb(NO3)2, whereas β-mercaptoethanol completely inhibited the activity. Utilizing the Box–Behnken design, we optimized Congo Red decolorization efficiency to 91.05 ± 0.82% at 100 mg/L Congo Red, 1.5 mM mediator concentration, and 1.6 U/mL laccase activity. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) suggested the model was significant, and all variables significantly influenced decolorization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The production of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium as a promising object for use in food and other industries is hampered by a lack of information about the strain-specificity of this fungus mycelium growth and its acquisition of various biological activities. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate mycelial growth of different P. ostreatus strains on varies solid and liquid media as well as to evaluate strains antagonistic, antibacterial, antiradical scavenging activities, and total phenolic content. Results: Potato Dextrose Agar medium was suitable for all strains except P. ostreatus strain 2460. The best growth rate of P. ostreatus 2462 strain on solid culture media was 15.0 ± 0.8 mm/day, and mycelia best growth on liquid culture media—36.5 ± 0.2 g/l. P. ostreatus strains 551 and 1685 were more susceptible to positive effect of plant growth regulators Ivin, Methyur and Kamethur. Using of nutrient media based on combination of natural waste (amaranth flour cake and wheat germ, wheat bran, broken vermicelli and crumbs) has been increased the yield of P. ostreatus strains mycelium by 2.2–2.9 times compared to the control. All used P. ostreatus strains displayed strong antagonistic activity in co-cultivation with Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Issatchenkia orientalis, Fusarium poae, Microdochium nivale in dual-culture assay. P. ostreatus 2462 EtOAc mycelial extract good inhibited growth of Escherichia coli (17.0 ± 0.9 mm) while P. ostreatus 2460 suppressed Staphylococcus aureus growth (21.5 ± 0.5 mm) by agar well diffusion method. The highest radical scavenging effect displayed both mycelial extracts (EtOH and EtOAc) of P. ostreatus 1685 (61 and 56%) by DPPH assay as well as high phenolic content (7.17 and 6.73 mg GAE/g) by the Folin-Ciocalteu's method. The maximal total phenol content (7.52 mg GAE/g) demonstrated of P. ostreatus 2461 EtOH extract. Conclusions: It is found that the growth, antibacterial, antiradical scavenging activity as well as total phenolic content were dependent on studied P. ostreatus strains in contrast to antagonistic activity. The proposed culture mediums of natural waste could be an alternative to commercial mediums for the production mycelial biomass of P. ostreatus strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucose is the primary source of carbon and energy. Cells possess a sophisticated mechanism for sensing glucose and responding to it appropriately. However, hyperglycemia represents the predominant risk factor for the development of diabetes. On the other hand, nutrient starvation, including glucose, may lead to the development of malnutrition. Noteworthy, glucose restriction has been associated with significantly delayed aging. Thus, controlled glucose intake is vital for healthy living. The presented study shows the effect of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus ethanolic extract on fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe undergoing glucose-derived stress. Fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus were used for ethanolic extraction and its anti-hyper- and hypo-glycemic stress activity was investigated. Compared were cells treated with ethanolic extract of P. ostreatus (1 or 2%) with untreated control. Different glucose concentrations in growth media were used to analyze its impact on growth intensity, generation time (gt), metabolic activity, ROS generation, MDA content, and cell death and apoptosis of S. pombe cells. Glucose deprivation or its over-supplementation resulted in growth retardation and prolonged cell doubling time (gt) which was significantly adjusted by the oyster mushroom extract. Interestingly, oyster mushroom extract reduced excessive ROS and formed MDA that were produced as a consequence of glycemic stress. Unexpectedly, the extract was able to increase the metabolic activity of cells supplemented with high glucose content and thereby protected them from death. Taken together, our study suggests that growth media supplementation with the ethanolic extract of P. ostreatus protects S. pombe cells from glucose-mediated stress through alleviation of oxidative stress and enhancement of metabolic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Natural compounds rich in secondary metabolites have gained attention as alternative therapies for wound healing due to their potential advantages over conventional treatments. Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms have been identified for their wound-healing properties, including promoting neovascularization, epithelialization, and collagen synthesis. Material and Methods: This study aimed to investigate the wound-healing properties of different doses of topical Extract of Pleurotus ostreatus in albino mice using an excisional wound model. The experimental design involved administering various concentrations of the extract to evaluate its effects on wound closure and histopathological and immunohistochemical parameters. Results: The results revealed significant wound closure and improvements in histopathological and immunohistochemical parameters in mice treated with Pleurotus ostreatus extract. These findings suggest the potential of Pleurotus ostreatus extract as a viable wound healing agent. Conclusion: Pleurotus ostreatus extract demonstrates promising wound-healing capabilities, including promoting wound closure and enhancing histopathological and immunohistochemical parameters in albino mice. Further research is warranted to explore its full therapeutic potential and mechanism of action in wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]